Gastric dilatation and volvulus (GDV) is a serious and life-threatening condition which requires immediate emergency medical treatment. The condition occurs when two things happen in a pet’s body. First, the stomach fills with gas, food, or fluid. This is known as dilatation (or bloat). When dilatation occurs, the stomach expands and pressure is increased within the abdomen. The second stage of the condition is known as volvulus. This refers to a twisting of the stomach by more than 180 degrees.
Causes of Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus
The underlying cause of GDV is not fully understood, but it is most commonly seen in large, deep-chested breeds of dog such as Great Danes and Saint Bernards. Cats and small breeds of dog rarely suffer from the condition.
Other factors which are thought to be linked to the development of GDV include ingestion of excessive amounts of food or water, over-exercising after eating, consuming one large meal a day, stress, and eating or drinking too fast.
Symptoms of Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus
GDV progresses very quickly and can be life-threatening if left untreated. Please visit your veterinarian immediately if you suspect that your pet has GDV. The following are common symptoms associated with the condition.
- Abdominal pain and distension
- Rapid heartbeat
- Anxiety
- Restlessness
- Depression
- Excessive drooling
- Unproductive vomiting
- Collapse
Diagnosis of Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus
Your veterinarian will perform a thorough physical examination to check for signs of GDV. Diagnostic tests such as a complete blood count, urinalysis, and serum chemistry test will be performed to assess your pet’s overall health and eliminate other causes of their symptoms.
X-rays or alternative imaging techniques will be used to confirm or rule out a diagnosis of GDV. In addition, your veterinarian may recommend an electrocardiogram to check for an irregular heartbeat or other heart issues.
Treatment of Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus
As GDV is such a serious condition, treatment will require hospitalization. Your veterinarian will perform a procedure to decompress your pet’s stomach and relieve pressure on the abdomen. Decompression is achieved by inserting a needle into the stomach or passing a tube down the esophagus into the stomach.
Intravenous fluids will be administered to treat shock, along with painkillers to minimize your pet’s suffering. In addition, a procedure known as a gastropexy is usually required to treat the twisting of the stomach (volvulus) and prevent GDV from recurring.
Further surgery may also be needed to repair internal damage. Please be aware that GDV cannot always be successfully treated. The survival rate for pets with GDV depends on a number of factors including the severity of their condition and how quickly they receive treatment.
Prevention of Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus
Although GDV is a difficult condition to prevent in susceptible animals, there are several measures you can take which may help protect your pet. Do not allow your pet to exercise strenuously after eating and divide their food into two or three daily meals. It is also a good idea to encourage your pet to eat slowly by using specially designed slow-feeder bowls. Please ask your veterinarian for further advice on preventing GDV in pets
