Leukemia is a type of cancer characterized by an increased white blood cell count in the bloodstream and bone marrow. The disease is classified into two main types: lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia. Lymphocytic leukemia is caused by malignant (cancerous) cells in the lymph nodes, while myelogenous leukemia is caused by malignant cells in the bone marrow. Both forms of leukemia can be acute or chronic. Acute leukemia is rapid in onset and is prevalent in middle-aged dogs. The chronic form of the disease progresses far more slowly and is most often seen in older dogs.
Causes of Leukemia in Dogs
Leukemia usually occurs as a result of a mutation in the bone marrow. However, the underlying cause of the disease is not fully understood. Potential risk factors thought to be linked with the development of the disease include exposure to viruses, radiation, or toxic chemicals.
Symptoms of Leukemia in Dogs
Symptoms of leukemia can vary, and will largely depend on whether the disease is acute or chronic. The following symptoms are associated with acute leukemia in dogs.
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Lethargy
- Fever
- Weakness
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Pale gums
- Bleeding
- Lameness
- Bruising easily
Since the disease progresses slowly, dogs with chronic leukemia can be asymptomatic for an extended period of time. When symptoms emerge, they may be similar to those of acute leukemia. In addition, you may notice swollen lymph nodes beneath the jaw, around the shoulders, or at the backs of the legs. Please visit your veterinarian immediately if your dog displays signs or symptoms of acute or chronic leukemia so they can be correctly diagnosed and treated.
Diagnosis of Leukemia in Dogs
Your veterinarian will assess your dog’s medical history and ask you a series of questions about the onset and severity of their symptoms. They will then perform a thorough physical examination to check for clinical signs of leukemia.
Your veterinarian will perform bloodwork to assess your dog’s blood cell count. Elevated levels of white blood cells and low levels of red blood cells can indicate leukemia. In addition, tests such as a urinalysis, X-rays, and ultrasounds may be carried out to aid the diagnostic process. A bone marrow aspirate or biopsy may also be necessary to reach a definitive diagnosis of leukemia.
Treatment of Leukemia in Dogs
Unfortunately, there is no known cure for leukemia in dogs. For this reason, treatment will focus on supportive care. If your dog is severely dehydrated, a period of hospitalization may be necessary to stabilize their condition and administer fluid therapy. Your veterinarian may also prescribe antibiotics or other medications to treat secondary infections.
Other potential treatments for leukemia include chemotherapy, blood transfusions, and carefully controlled diets to manage your dog’s symptoms. Your veterinarian will recommend appropriate treatment methods based on your pet’s overall health and the severity of their condition. Please follow all treatment advice closely and administer prescribed medications as instructed.
Prevention of Leukemia in Dogs
The cause of leukemia is not fully understood. For this reason, the disease is not considered preventable. We recommend feeding a healthy, balanced diet to support your dog’s overall health. It is also important to schedule regular checkups with your veterinarian so your dog’s health can be continuously monitored.
